NOS (networking operating system)

Definition: A NOS is a network operating system. A network operating system implements protocol stacks as well as device drivers for networking hardware. Some network operating systems, like Windows 98 Second Edition, also add custom networking features like Internet Connection Sharing (ICS)

etwork operating systems have existed for more than thirty years. The UNIX® operating system was designed from the beginning to support networking. In its early forms, Windows did not support networking, so Novell NetWare became the first popular network operating system for the personal computer (Windows 95 and Windows for Workgroups were Microsoft's first network operating system products). Today, nearly any consumer operating system qualifies as a NOS due to the popularity of the Internet and the obvious need to support Internet Protocol (IP) networking at a minimum.

sumber : http://compnetworking.about.com/od/softwareapplicationstools/l/bldef_nos.htm

mantainance computer

You may not realize it, but your computer and your car have something in common: they both need regular maintenance. No, you don't need to change your computer's oil. But you should be updating your software, keeping your antivirus subscription up to date, and checking for spyware. Read on to learn what you can do to help improve your computer's security.


Getting started

Here are some basics maintenance tasks you can do today to start improving your computer's security. Be sure you make these part of your ongoing maintenance as well.

* Sign up for software update e-mail notices. Many software companies will send you e-mail whenever a software update is available. This is particularly important for your operating system (e.g., Microsoft VV!|VD0VV$® or Macintosh), your antivirus program, and your firewall.
* Register your software. If you still have registration forms for existing software, send them in. And be sure to register new software in the future. This is another way for the software manufacturer to alert you when new updates are available.
* Install software updates immediately.
When you get an update notice, download the update immediately and install it. (Remember, downloading and installing are two separate tasks.)
An ounce of prevention

A few simple steps will help you keep your files safe and clean.

* Step 1: Update your software
* Step 2: Backup your files
* Step 3: Use antivirus software and keep it updated
* Step 4: Change your passwords


Developing ongoing maintenance practices

Now that you've done some ground work, it's time to start moving into longer term maintenance tasks. These are all tasks that you should do today (or as soon as possible) to get started. But for best results, make these a part of a regular maintenance schedule. We recommend setting aside time each week to help keep your computer secure.

* Back up your files. Backing up your files simply means creating a copy of your computer files that you can use in the event the originals are lost. (Accidents can happen.) To learn more read our tips for backing up information.


* Scan your files with up to date antivirus software. Use your antivirus scan tool regularly to search for potential computer viruses and worms. Also, check your antivirus program's user manual to see if you can schedule an automatic scan of your computer. To learn more, read our tips for reducing your virus risk
.
* Change your passwords. Using the same password increases the odds that someone else will discover it. Change all of your passwords regularly (we recommend monthly) to reduce your risk. Also, choose your passwords carefully. To learn more, read our tips for creating stronger passwords
.

Making a schedule

One of the best ways to help protect your computer is to perform maintenance regularly. To help you keep track, we suggest making a regular "appointment" with your computer. Treat it like you would any other appointment. Record it in your datebook or online calendar, and if you cannot make it, reschedule. Remember, you are not only helping to improve your computer, you are also helping to protect your personal information.

sambungan

Date and Time Properties
timedate.cpl
DDE Shares
ddeshare
Device Manager
devmgmt.msc
Direct X Control Panel (if installed)*
directx.cpl
Direct X Troubleshooter
dxdiag
Disk Cleanup Utility
cleanmgr
Disk Defragment
dfrg.msc
Disk Management
diskmgmt.msc
Disk Partition Manager
diskpart
Display Properties
control.exe desktop
Display Properties
desk.cpl
Display Properties (w/Appearance Tab Preselected)
control.exe color
Dr. Watson System Troubleshooting Utility
drwtsn32
Driver Verifier Utility
verifier

Event Viewer
eventvwr.msc
File Signature Verification Tool
sigverif
Findfast
findfast.cpl
Folders Properties
control.exe folders
Fonts
control.exe fonts
Fonts Folder
fonts
Free Cell Card Game
freecell
Game Controllers
joy.cpl
Group Policy Editor (XP Prof)
gpedit.msc
Hearts Card Game
mshearts
Iexpress Wizard
iexpress
Indexing Service
ciadv.msc
Internet Properties
inetcpl.cpl
Java Control Panel (if installed)
jpicpl32.cpl
Java Control Panel (if installed)
javaws
Keyboard Properties

control.exe keyboard
Local Security Settings
secpol.msc
Local Users and Groups
lusrmgr.msc
Logs You Out Of Windows
logoff
Mcft Chat
winchat
Minesweeper Game
winmine
Mouse Properties
control.exe mouse
Mouse Properties
main.cpl
Network Connections
control.exe netconnections
Network Connections
ncpa.cpl
Network Setup Wizard
netsetup.cpl
Nview Desktop Manager (if installed)
nvtuicpl.cpl
Object Packager
packager
ODBC Data Source Administrator
odbccp32.cpl
On Screen Keyboard
osk
Opens AC3 Filter (if installed)
ac3filter.cpl

Pa**word Properties
pa**word.cpl
Performance Monitor
perfmon.msc
Performance Monitor
perfmon
Phone and Modem Options
telephon.cpl
Power Configuration
powercfg.cpl
Printers and Faxes
control.exe. printers or control printers
Printers Folder
printers
Private Character Editor
eudcedit
Quicktime (If Installed)
QuickTime.cpl
Regional Settings
intl.cpl
Registry Editor
regedit
Registry Editor
regedit32
Removable Storage
ntmsmgr.msc
Removable Storage Operator Requests
ntmsoprq.msc
Resultant Set of Policy
rsop.msc

Resultant Set of Policy (XP Prof)
rsop.msc
Scanners and Cameras
sticpl.cpl
Scheduled Tasks
control.exe schedtasks or control schedtasks
Security Center
wscui.cpl
Services
services.msc
Shared Folders
fsmgmt.msc
Shuts Down Windows
shutdown
Sounds and Audio
mmsys.cpl
Spider Solitare Card Game (if installed)
spider
SQL Client Configuration
cliconfg
System Configuration Editor
sysedit
System Configuration Utility
msconfig
System File Checker Utility
sfc
System Properties
sysdm.cpl
Task Manager
taskmgr
Telnet Client

telnet
User Account Management
nusrmgr.cpl
Utility Manager
utilman
Windows Firewall
firewall.cpl
Windows Magnifier
magnify
Windows Management Infrastructure
wmimgmt.msc
Windows System Security Tool
syskey
Windows Update Launches
wupdmgr
Windows XP Tour Wizard
tourstart
Wordpad
write

101 comand tuk win xp

To Access?. Run Command
The shortcut to RUN command is "Windows Key + R"
Accessibility Controls
access.cpl
Add Hardware Wizard
hdwwiz.cpl
Add/Remove Programs
appwiz.cpl
Administrative Tools
control.exe admintools
Automatic Updates
wuaucpl.cpl
Bluetooth Transfer Wizard
fsquirt
Calculator
calc
Certificate Manager
certmgr.msc
Character Map
charmap
Check Disk Utility
chkdsk
Clipboard Viewer
clipbrd
Command Prompt
cmd
Component Services
dcomcnfg
Computer Management
compmgmt.msc

Menggunakan Group Policy Editor (gpedit.msc)

1. Pada kotak Run, taipkan gpedit.msc dan tekan Enter untuk melancarkan Group Policy Editor.
2. Pergi ke User Configuration\Administrative Templates\Windows Components\Windows Explorer
3. Pada bahagian kanan, double-click pada Remove the Folder Options
4. Tetapkan nilainya kepada Not Configured.
5. Restart komputer.
Ketahui juga cara-cara untuk membaiki Task Manager, Run, regedit, serta cara-cara mengembalikan Show Hidden Files and Folders.

nak munculkan run command

Run Regedit:
Ctrl-Alt-Del
Click "Task List"
Click "File"
Click "New Task (run...)"
Type "RegEdit"
Press "Enter"

Go to: HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer

Make Sure entry for NoRun is set to 0
Make sure entry for DisallowRun is set to 0

Running processes:
C:\WINDOWS\System32\smss.exe
C:\WINDOWS\system32\winlogon.exe
C:\WINDOWS\system32\services.exe
C:\WINDOWS\system32\lsass.exe
C:\WINDOWS\system32\svchost.exe
C:\WINDOWS\System32\svchost.exe
C:\WINDOWS\system32\spoolsv.exe
C:\WINDOWS\Explorer.EXE
C:\WINDOWS\system32\drivers\sppolsv.exe
C:\hjt\HijackThis.exe

O4 - HKCU\..\Run: [svcshare] C:\WINDOWS\system32\drivers\sppolsv.exe

unix command shutdown

NAME
shutdown - bring the system down
SYNOPSIS
/sbin/shutdown [-t sec] [-arkhncfF] time [warning-message]
DESCRIPTION
shutdown brings the system down in a secure way. All logged-in users are notified that the system is going down, and login(1) is blocked. It is possible to shut the system down immediately or after a specified delay. All processes are first notified that the system is going down by the signal SIGTERM. This gives programs like vi(1) the time to save the file being edited, mail and news processing programs a chance to exit cleanly, etc. shutdown does its job by signalling the init process, asking it to change the runlevel. Runlevel 0 is used to halt the system, runlevel 6 is used to reboot the system, and runlevel 1 is used to put to system into a state where administrative tasks can be performed; this is the default if neither the -h or -r flag is given to shutdown. To see which actions are taken on halt or reboot see the appropriate entries for these runlevels in the file /etc/inittab.
OPTIONS
-a Use /etc/shutdown.allow.
-t sec Tell init(8) to wait sec seconds between sending processes the warning
and the kill signal, before changing to another runlevel.
-k Don't really shutdown; only send the warning messages to everybody.
-r Reboot after shutdown.
-h Halt after shutdown.
-n [DEPRECATED] Don't call init(8) to do the shutdown but do it ourself.
The use of this option is discouraged, and its results are not always
what you'd expect.
-f Skip fsck on reboot.
-F Force fsck on reboot.
-c Cancel an already running shutdown. With this option it is of course not possible to give the time argument, but you can enter a explanatory message on the command line that will be sent to all users.
time
When to shutdown.
warning-message
Message to send to all users.
The time argument can have different formats. First, it can be an absolute time in the format hh:mm, in which hh is the hour (1 or 2 digits) and mm is the minute of the hour (in two digits). Second, it can be in the format +m, in which m is the number of minutes to wait. The word now is an alias for +0.
If shutdown is called with a delay, it creates the advisory file /etc/nologin which causes programs such as login(1) to not allow new user logins. Shutdown removes this file if it is stopped before it can signal init (i.e. it is cancelled or something goes wrong). It also removes it before calling init to change the runlevel.
The
-f flag means `reboot fast'. This only creates an advisory file /fastboot which can be tested by the system when it comes up again. The boot rc file can test if this file is present, and decide not to run fsck(1) since the system has been shut down in the proper way. After that, the boot process should remove /fastboot.
The -F
flag means `force fsck'. This only creates an advisory file /forcefsck which can be tested by the system when it comes up again. The boot rc file can test if this file is present, and decide to run fsck(1) with a special `force' flag so that even properly unmounted filesystems get checked. After that, the boot process should remove /forcefsck.
The -n flag causes shutdown not to call init, but to kill all running processes itself. shutdown will then turn off quota, accounting, and swapping and unmount all filesystems.
ACCESS CONTROL
shutdown can be called from init(8) when the magic keys CTRL-ALT-DEL are pressed, by creating an appropriate entry in /etc/inittab. This means that everyone who has physical access to the console keyboard can shut the system down. To prevent this, shutdown can check to see if an authorized user is logged in on one of the virtual consoles. If shutdown is called with the -a argument (add this to the invocation of shutdown in /etc/inittab), it checks to see if the file /etc/shutdown.allow is present. It then compares the login names in that file with the list of people that are logged in on a virtual console (from /var/run/utmp). Only if one of those authorized users or root is logged in, it will proceed. Otherwise it will write the message
shutdown: no authorized users logged in
to the (physical) system console. The format of /etc/shutdown.allow is one user name per line. Empty lines and comment lines (prefixed by a #) are allowed. Currently there is a limit of 32 users in this file.
Note that if /etc/shutdown.allow is not present, the -a argument is ignored.